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1. Excretory waste of birds and reptiles are<br>
A . Urea
B . Urea and uric acid
C . Uric acid
D . Ammonia and uric acid
Solution:
Animals that excrete a major portion of nitrogenous waste in the form of semi-solid or solid uric acid are called uricotelic animals (e.g., birds, lizards, snakes, terrestrial insects, snails). In these animals ammonia is converted into less toxic, relatively insoluble uric acid, which can be excreted with a relatively small amount of water.
Correct Answer : C
2. Which one is uricotelic?
A . Frogs and toads
B . Lizards and birds
C . Cattle, monkey and man
D . Molluscs
Solution:
Uricotelic organism excretes uric acid or its salts as a result of deamination.; It is a common method seen in birds, land reptiles, insects, land snails and some land crustaceans. Uric acid is formed from ammonia mostly in the liver and to some extent in the kidneys. The process is highly energy dependant, but is much less toxic than both ammonia and urea and it is almost insoluble in water and can be eliminated from the body in nearly a solid state, saving a lot of water. Since kidneys can handle the nitrogenous wastes only in solution, reptiles and birds pass a dilute solution of uric acid into the cloaca, where water is absorbed and solid uric acid is eliminated along with faeces. The faecal matter of certain birds like cormorants, pelicans and gannets called guano has been used for the commercial extraction of uric acid.
Correct Answer : B
3. Ureotelism is found in<br>
A . Mammals
B . Aquatic insects
C . Tadpoles
D . Birds
Solution:
Animals that excrete excess nitrogen in the form of urea are ureotelic. Terrestrial animals cannot use water freely for excretion (because of less availability in the environment), so ammonia is converted into a less toxic and easily soluble product, urea. In mammals and semi-terrestrial adult amphibians, urea is a major nitrogenous excretory product, therefore these animals are called ureotelic.
Correct Answer : A
4. Nitrogenous waste products are eliminated mainly as
A . Urea in tadpole and uric acid in adult frog
B . Urea in adult frog and ammonia in tadpole
C . Urea in tadpole as well as in adult frog
D . Urea in tadpole and ammonia in adult frog
Solution:
Animals that excrete excess nitrogen in the form of ammonia are called ammonotelic. Excretion of ammonia occurs in aquatic animals (aquatic invertebrates, fishes, larvae, permanently aquatic amphibia). The route of ammonia diffusion in these animals is through skin, gills or kidneys. In mammals and semiterrestrial adult amphibians, urea is a major nitrogenous excretory product, therefore these animals are called ureotelic.
Correct Answer : B
5. Excretion means:
A . Formation of those substances, which have some role in the body
B . Removal of such substances, which have never been part of the body
C . Removal of useless substances and substances present in excess
D . All of the above
Solution:
Excretion means elimination of metabolic wastes & substances present in excess in our body.
Correct Answer : C
6. Which of the following nitrogenous waste are excreted by diffusion across body surface?
A . Urea
B . Uric acid
C . Ammonia
D . Creatine
Solution:
Ammonia excreted by diffusion across body surface.
Correct Answer : C
7. Human body loses water by
A . Sweating
B . Excretion
C . Breathing
D . All of the above
Solution:
The human body loses water by sweating, excretion, and breathing. Sweating, excretion, and breathing are the different excretory mechanisms of the body. The body loses excess electrolytes and ions through sweat. The body loses nitrogenous wastes and excess electrolytes through urine. The body loses carbon dioxide and a little amount of water in the form of vapor through breathing. So, the correct answer is option D.
Correct Answer : D
8. Which one of following is the simplest excretory organ?
A . Kidney
B . Flame cells
C . Nephridia
D . Alveoli
Solution:
A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in simple freshwater invertebrates, including flatworms, rotifers and nemerteans. It functions like a kidney by removing the waste materials which is not required by the body.
Correct Answer : B
9. ADH is secreted by
A . anterior lobe of pituitary
B . middle lobe of pituitary
C . posterior lobe of pituitary
D . adrenal cortex
Solution:
ADH (vasopressin) is secreted from posterior lobe of pituitary gland which is also called neurohypophysis.
Correct Answer : C
10. Which of the following will lead to an increase in glomerular fluid filtration in the kidney?
A . An increase in the protein concentration in the plasma
B . An increase in the fluid pressure in Bowman's space
C . An increase in the glomerular capillary blood pressure
D . A decrease in the glomerular capillary blood pressure
Solution:
Slit diaphragm in Malphigian corpuscle is formed by podocyte cells and capillaries. It prevents movement of large proteins outside glomerular capillaries.
Correct Answer : C
11. The peritubular capillaries differ from the glomerular capillaries in that the former
A . Forms a low pressure bed
B . Runs through Bowman's capsule
C . Forms high pressure bed
D . Receives a greater amount of blood
Solution:
Peritubular capillaries runs around loop of henle for the purpose of collection of minerals and water filtered out of blood in Malpighian body. So blood flows with low pressure in them.
Correct Answer : A
12. Ureter, blood vessels and nerves enter into the kidney through
A . Pelvis
B . Hilum
C . Convex surface
D . Pyramids
Solution:
Hilum is a part from which blood vessel, nerve, ureter enter into the kidney.
Correct Answer : B
13. The vessel leading blood (containing nitrogenous waste) into the Bowman's capsule is known as<br>
A . Afferent arteriole
B . Efferent arteriole
C . Renal artery
D . Renal vein
Solution:
Blood enters the kidney via the renal artery, which forms many afferent arterioles, each of which delivers blood to an individual kidney nephron. The diameter of the afferent arteriole is greater than the diameter of the efferent arteriole. The pressure of the blood inside the glomerulus is increased due to the difference in diameter of the arterioles. This increased blood pressure helps to force the components of the blood out of the glomerular capillaries. So, the correct answer is option A.
Correct Answer : A
14. Renin-angiotensin pathway controls;
A . Ultrafiltration
B . Cardiac output
C . Blood pressure
D . Glucose reabsorption
Solution:
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system controls water & electrolyte balance, blood pressure & glomerular filtration.
Correct Answer : C
15. Curved portion of the Henle's loop of the Neprons are lined by
A . Ciliated epithelium
B . Cuboidal epithelium
C . Squamous epithelium
D . Columnar epithelium
Solution:
A nephron is a thin walled and coiled duct with the blind proximal end. It is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. A loop of Henle is divided into three parts ascending loop of Henle, descending loop of Henle and the curved part of a loop of Henle. The curved portion of loop of Henle has the single layer of squamous epithelium which is impermeable to water. Thus the correct option is C.
Correct Answer : C
16. A hormone X stimulates the formation of erythrocytes. From the given options select the correct location from where X is produced.
A . Alpha cells of pancreas
B . The bone marrow cells
C . The cells of neurohypophysis
D . Juxtaglomerular celis
Solution:
Sol.Hormone X is erythropoietin, which is produced by juxtaglomerular cells of kidney.
Correct Answer : D
17. In cortex area of kidney all structure are found except
A . Bowman's capsule
B . Distal convoluted tubule
C . Majority of collecting duct
D . Malphigian body
Solution:
The Malpighian corpuscle (i.e., glomerulus and Bowman's capsule), PCT (proximal convoluted tubule) and DCT (distal convoluted tubule) of the nephron are situated in the cortical region of the kidney, whereas the loop of Henle dips into the medulla. The DCTs of many nephrons open into a straight tube, called as collecting duct, many of which converge and open into the renal pelvis through medullary pyramids in the calyces. Thus, collecting ducts are not found in the cortex of the kidney. So, the correct answer is option C.
Correct Answer : C
18. Which of the following statements is correct with respect to kidney function regulation?
A . During summer when body loses lot of water by evaporation, the release of ADH is suppressed
B . An increase in glomerular blood flow stimulates formation of Angiotensin II
C . When someone drinks lot of water, ADH release is suppressed
D . Exposure to the cold temperature stimulates ADH release
Solution:
A fall in GFR stimulates JG cells to release renin. It further stimulates production of angiotensin II as well aldosterone.
Correct Answer : C
19. Arrange the following parts of JG nephron is increasing order in terms of their length: PCT, LOH, DCT.
A . DCT, LOH, PCT
B . LOH, PCT, DCT
C . PCT, DCT, LOH
D . DCT, PCT, LOH
Solution:
DCT is the shortest and LOH is the longest part of a JG nephron.
Correct Answer : D
20. If Henle's loop are absent from mammalian nephron which of the following is expected:
A . There will be no urine formation
B . There will be hardly any change in the quality and quantity of urine formed
C . The urine will be more concentrated
D . The urine will be more dilute
Solution:
Henle's loop is involved in concentration of filtrate, if these are removed the urine formed will be dilute.
Correct Answer : D
Biology Faculty
BDS from PT. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak
